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This past week saw the near simultaneous publication of two books by senior former Central bankers. Former RBI Governor Urjit Patel published his book called “Overdraft” which is dedicated to the Indian saver. It was much awaited from someone who was otherwise extremely reticent even while in office. Within a week of its publication it became one of the top-ranking non-fiction books. There was much buzz about its content, since Patel had chosen to be silent and almost invisible to the public eye since he left the Reserve Bank of India abruptly in December 2018.
Acharya reiterates that excessive monetary and credit stimulus during the earlier part of this decade had endangered financial stability.
The other book is by former RBI Deputy Governor Viral Acharya, who left six months later, without completing his full tenure as per his appointment. His book is titled "Quest for Restoring Financial Stability in India”, and is actually a collection of his writings and speeches, with a newly written long preface. Together these two were known as hawkish, but determined to clean up the banking system. In many ways they were continuing a clean-up tradition established by former Governor Raghuram Rajan. Patel had served as Raghuram Rajan’s deputy. In some ways this trio had an image of being too academic, strongly intellectual, and outsiders to the system, who were “inflexible” and not pragmatic. Whether these adjectives were unfair is a debate for another day.
Acharya was in the eye of the storm, due to a strongly worded, controversial speech he gave just a couple of months before Patel’s abrupt departure. In that speech he emphasised the importance of nurturing the autonomy of the Central bank. He famously concluded his speech with this ominous warning, “Governments that do not respect Central bank independence will sooner or later incur the wrath of financial markets, ignite economic fire, and come to rue the day they undermined an important regulatory institution”. In the current preface to his new book too he reiterates that excessive monetary and credit stimulus during the earlier part of this decade had endangered financial stability. Acharya also says that Governor Patel had quit prematurely because of attempts to undermine the autonomy of the Reserve Bank of India.
Gross NPA ratio in India’s banking will rise by a full 4 percentage points from 8.5 in March 2020 to 12.5 percent in March 2021.
One of the key issues described in some detail in Patel’s book is the dilution of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code process that he instituted to tackle the problem of rising bad loans. Rather than depend on a case-by-case approach and negotiations between banker and borrower, wherein both parties had incentives to “ever green” loans, the RBI insisted on transferring bad debt cases to the IBC process, even with one day of default. This was the famous February 2018 circular, which created quite a stir. The strict rule meant that defaulting promoters risked losing control of their companies to new owners or to liquidation. It also put pressure on banks to prevent such cases landing up in the IBC process. The circular was challenged and eventually struck down by the Supreme Court. After this the banking system is back to a case-by-case approach and this has been a setback to the speedy resolution of non-performing assets (NPA) cases.
Since nearly three fourth of Indian banking is in the public sector, a rise in NPA’s will call for the need to recapitalise banks.
This means that if the NPA is not resolved, the provisioning will keep mounting, and more and more capital will get stuck on the balance sheets of banks. Hence unless extra capital is injected into the bank, its capacity to make fresh loans for new borrowers and new projects gets constrained. Also, a larger NPA ratio means that the bank needs to reap profits from a smaller portion of the loans, which means that it has to charge higher interest rates. Thus, the non-resolution or tardy resolution of NPA’s has implication for the banking system as a whole and financial stability too.
As if in tandem with the two books by these Central bankers, comes the report by RBI on Financial Stability. One of the most sobering conclusions of this report is that the gross NPA ratio in India’s banking will rise by a full 4 percentage points from 8.5 in March 2020 to 12.5 percent in March 2021. That means an estimated 4 lakh crore of loans are going to turn bad in this year. Of course, this is the year of the pandemic and recession. Despite measures like easy liquidity, monetary easing, and generous moratoriums for loan repayments, the RBI expects a surge in the gross NPA ratio. If the downturn is more severe, the stress test conducted by RBI officials indicates that the ratio may rise to 14.7 percent. Such a high NPA ratio will seriously endanger financial stability.
Acharya’s and Patel’s books call for instilling market discipline, early recognition and disclosure of defaults, refusing too much forbearance in diluting treatment of defaulting borrowers, and to keep adequate ammunition in the RBI balance sheet
Since nearly three fourth of Indian banking is in the public sector, a rise in NPA’s will call for the need to recapitalise banks. This has to come from the Centre’s fiscal resources which are already stretched owing to falling GST and income tax revenues, and a shrinking base of nominal national income. There are also other competing demands on the fiscal system, for clearing pending payments to enterprises, tax refunds, direct cash payment to poor households and GST compensation to be paid to States, as per the agreed formula. As bank balance sheets get stretched, it can make the depositors nervous, and they may make a run on the bank. This can put severe stress on bank liquidity, and the panic can spread like a contagion. Similarly, non-bank finance companies which also face rising NPAs may find it unable to inject fresh capital, causing the NPA problem to worsen. This can have a domino effect, as was seen in September 2018 with the failure of ILFS.
Systemically large banks and non-banks need extra vigilance and supervision from the bank regulator i.e. RBI, to prevent such spill-over alarms. The solution to restoring financial stability and earning the confidence of depositors and savers is spelt out in both Acharya’s and Patel’s books. It calls for instilling market discipline (i.e. IBC process for NPA resolution), early recognition and disclosure of defaults, refusing too much forbearance in diluting treatment of defaulting borrowers, and to keep adequate ammunition in the RBI balance sheet to deal with sudden shocks, abrupt reversals of capital flow, or emergency rescues. The two books and the RBI report are timely and cautionary reminders about paying attention to the financial stability of the Indian economy.
(Dr.Ajit Ranade is an economist and Senior Fellow, Takshashila Institution)